Western civilization, with the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, adopted an anthropocentric approach to the human-nature relationship, and as a result, people viewed nature and other living beings as tools to be used for their own benefit. The transition from this mindset, which underlies Enlightenment thought, to an ecological worldview was paved by the criticisms of the existing order by a number of scientists and their innovations in the scientific field. The mechanistic worldview dominated by the anthropocentric approach has, in later periods, brought with it a number of threatening and irreversible problems for humanity and nature. The most important of these are ecological problems and the destruction of nature. While humankind continues its relentless consumption frenzy and unlimited competition driven by profit, it disproportionately consumes limited natural resources and ruthlessly exploits nature. This study will examine and analyze the scientific works of Ernst Haeckel, Albert Einstein, and L. Von Betalanffy, who, in response to a critique of the mechanistic worldview, argued for a return to the principles of the organic world and contributed directly or indirectly to an ecological worldview through their scientific research, driven by the concern that the threats facing humanity would inevitably lead to its end. Furthermore, Einstein's contributions to sociology and the solutions he offered to this predicament facing humanity will also be explored and discussed.
The relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability remains a contentious issue, particularly for developing economies. This study examines this nexus for Turkey and Iran over the period 1990–2022 using a comparative time series framework. CO2 emissions per capita serve as the dependent variable, while GDP per capita, squared GDP, energy use per capita, trade openness, industrial value added, and foreign direct investment constitute the explanatory variables. Grounded in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, the study sequentially employs ADF and Phillips-Perron unit root tests, the structural break-adjusted Zivot-Andrews test, ARDL bounds testing, and Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis. Unit root tests confirm that all variables are integrated of order one (I(1)) in both countries. ARDL bounds test results yield F-statistics of 4.469 for Turkey (at lag 2) and 6.103 for Iran (at lag 1), providing strong evidence of long-run cointegration in both cases. Long-run coefficient estimates reveal that the EKC hypothesis receives partial support in Turkey in terms of sign, but the turning point remains debatable; in Iran, GDP and squared GDP coefficients fail to achieve statistical significance, thus the EKC hypothesis is not validated. Energy consumption emerges as the most dominant determinant of CO2 emissions across both economies. Error correction model results indicate that short-run deviations from equilibrium are statistically significant in both countries, confirming short-run adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. Toda-Yamamoto causality findings reveal a striking divergence between the two countries: Turkey exhibits unidirectional causality running from growth to emissions, whereas Iran displays bidirectional causality between growth and emissions, suggesting a carbon-intensive growth trap. From a policy standpoint, both countries urgently need to prioritize energy transition, though Iran faces the additional challenge of restricted access to green technologies under international sanctions.
Digital communication technologies have transformed journalistic practices from news production to circulation, while also reshaping the textual organization of news and its presentation in online environments. This transformation requires online journalism to be examined not only in terms of what news communicates, but also in terms of how information is prioritized, through which narrative logic it is organized, and how it is structured within digital environments. In the existing literature, news writing and presentation techniques are often treated as separate models listed on the same analytical plane, while their distinct functions in the different layers of digital news construction remain insufficiently systematized. Addressing this gap, the present study aims to reclassify news writing and presentation techniques in online journalism under three functional categories—information hierarchy, narrative mode, and digital presentation architecture—and to examine how this framework is manifested in contemporary Turkish digital news examples. Based on a theory-guided deductive qualitative content analysis, the study examines 18 news texts and digital news presentation structures published between 1 January and 16 May 2026, selected through purposive sampling. The findings show that the inverted pyramid, hourglass model, and T model generate different forms of information organization, while the straight pyramid appears in a transformed form within the body of online news due to the influence of headlines and leads. Free-form news writing, narrative technique, and transmission technique diversify the narrative modes of news, whereas the online pyramid model and clustering technique establish the layered, linked, and modular presentation architecture of digital news.
The Democratic Party’s (DP) organisational process in Izmir and the Deniz Gazinosu Incident of 1947 are significant in terms of the system of political legitimacy during Turkey’s transition to a multi-party system. The central question of this study is how these events helped to establish the DP’s political legitimacy and how they influenced the process leading to its rise to power. Turkish political history has witnessed numerous political experiments, from the single-party era to the transition to a multi-party system. Although various initiatives were undertaken during the era of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to move towards a multi-party system, the desired outcome was not achieved. During the era of İsmet İnönü, however, the search for an opposition gained new momentum, and the concrete steps taken during this process yielded lasting results for the first time. Indeed, the Democratic Party (DP) entered Turkish political history under this name. The DP would come to power in the years that followed, steering Turkey’s democratisation process. This study, by examining the Democratic Party’s founding process and the İzmir January Organisation, aims to identify the effects of the Deniz Gazinosu Incident-regarded as a significant turning point in the party’s rise to poweron Turkish political life
