Air cargo plays a critical role in world trade. The intense competition in international markets requires reliable and faster means of transportation. This necessity increases the importance of air cargo. Significant portion of the world trade in terms of value is carried by air. This is because higher added value and time sensitive goods increasingly demand for air cargo and this results in higher cargo traffic transported by air. The increase looks to continue well into the future in line with the expectations of the industry. To accommodate the growth, the continuous development of the quality of air transportation infrastructure is inevitable and this creates in return an adverse effect on climate and energy sustainability. The study focuses on this negative effect and aims to examine whether air transportation quality is mediating air cargo and climate & energy. The research is based on cross country data analysed via Baron and Kenny mediator method, regression and Sobel test. The result of the analysis shows that the quality of air transportation is a partial mediator between air cargo with climate and energy. The increase of air cargo traffic has an adverse effect on climate & energy and by introducing air transportation quality in the relationship, the earlier negative effect of air cargo on climate and energy falls but still keeps its statistical significance. To sustain climate & energy, policies should control the rapid rise of air cargo on the one hand, and the development of air transportation quality on the other.

A comprehensive review of sharkskin-inspired surfaces and riblet structures (also known as denticles) is conducted which is motivated by the desire to enhance aerodynamic efficiency and sustainability in modern aviation. Inspired by natural sea creatures like sharks, biomimetic surface alterations aim to reduce drag by altering the flow behavior around aerodynamic surfaces. This approach has gained increasing attention as a promising method for improving aircraft performance, particularly due to its direct impact on reducing fuel consumption. Following the literature review, a simple case study is presented to depict the suitability of riblet applications. The results demonstrated that riblet structures (denticles) can lead to significant drag reduction and, hence enhanced aerodynamic performance. These surface modifications not only can benefit conventional aircrafts but also offer a great promise for novel air vehicles, including unmanned aerial systems, electric aircraft, and urban air mobility platforms, where efficiency and extended range are critical. These findings highlight the potential of biomimetic surface designs as an effective solution in the development of next-generation aerospace systems.